Lect 4. Active Voice, Passive Voice
1. Passive Form
There are two
special forms for verbs called voice:
- Active voice
- Passive voice
The active
voice is the "normal" voice. This is the voice that we use most
of the time. You are probably already familiar with the active voice. In the
active voice, the object receives the action of the verb:
active
|
subject
|
verb
|
object
|
>
|
|||
Cats
|
eat
|
fish.
|
|
The passive
voice is less usual. In the passive voice, the subject receives the
action of the verb:
passive
|
subject
|
verb
|
object
|
<
|
|||
Fish
|
are eaten
|
by cats.
|
|
The object
of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb:
subject
|
verb
|
object
|
|
active
|
Everybody
|
drinks
|
water.
|
passive
|
Water
|
is drunk
|
by everybody.
|
2. Passive Voice
The passive voice
is less usual than the active voice. The active voice is the "normal"
voice. But sometimes we need the passive voice. In this lesson we look at how
to construct the passive voice, when to use it and how to conjugate it.
2.2.Construction of the Passive Voice
The structure of
the passive voice is very simple:
subject +
auxiliary verb (be) + main verb (past participle)
The main verb is always
in its past participle form. (V3)
Look at these
examples:
subject
|
auxiliary verb (to be)
|
main verb (past participle)
|
||
Water
|
is
|
drunk
|
by everyone.
|
|
100 people
|
are
|
employed
|
by this company.
|
|
I
|
am
|
paid
|
in euro.
|
|
We
|
are
|
not
|
paid
|
in dollars.
|
Are
|
they
|
paid
|
in yen?
|
2.2.Use of the Passive Voice
We use the passive
when:
- we want to make the active object more important
- we do not know the active subject
subject
|
verb
|
object
|
|
give importance to active object
(President Kennedy)
|
President Kennedy
|
was killed
|
by Lee Harvey Oswald.
|
active subject unknown
|
My wallet
|
has been stolen.
|
?
|
Note that we
always use by to introduce the passive object (Fish are eaten by
cats).
Look at this sentence:
- He was killed with a gun.
Normally we use by
to introduce the passive object. But the gun is not the active subject. The gun
did not kill him. He was killed by somebody with a gun. In the active
voice, it would be: Somebody killed him with a gun. The gun is the
instrument. Somebody is the "agent" or "doer".
2.3.Conjugation for the Passive Voice
We can form the
passive in any tense. In fact, conjugation of verbs in the passive tense is rather
easy, as the main verb is always in past participle form and the auxiliary verb
is always be. To form the required tense, we conjugate the auxiliary
verb. So, for example:
- present simple: It is made
- present continuous: It is being made
- present perfect: It has been made
Here are some examples with most of the possible
tenses:
infinitive
|
to be
washed
|
|
simple
|
present
|
It is washed.
|
past
|
It was washed.
|
|
future
|
It will be washed.
|
|
conditional
|
It would be washed.
|
|
continuous
|
present
|
It is being washed.
|
past
|
It was being washed.
|
|
future
|
It will be being washed.
|
|
conditional
|
It would be being washed.
|
|
perfect simple
|
present
|
It has been washed.
|
past
|
It had been washed.
|
|
future
|
It will have been washed.
|
|
Conditional
|
It would have been washed.
|
|
perfect continuous
|
present
|
It has been being washed.
|
past
|
It had been being washed.
|
|
future
|
It will have been being washed.
|
|
conditional
|
It would have been being washed.
|
|
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Passive Voice - Exercises on Form
Write passive sentences in Simple
Present.
- the documents / print
- the window / open
- the shoes / buy
- the car / wash
- the litter / throw away
- the letter / send
- the book / read / not
- the songs / sing / not
- the food / eat / not
- the shop / close / not
Write passive sentences in Simple Past.
- the test / write
- the table / set
- the cat / feed
- the lights / switch on
- the house / build
- dinner / serve
- this computer / sell / not
- the car / stop / not
- the tables / clean / not
- the children / pick up / not
Write passive sentences in Present Perfect.
- the postcard / send
- the pencils / count
- the door / close
- the beds / make
- the mail / write
- the trees / plant
- the money / spend
- the room / book / not
- the rent / pay / not
- the people / inform / not
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two
objects (Personal Passive)
- Rachel will give you some advice.
→ - I sent him a letter.
→ - The police officer showed us the
way.
→ - Our neighbour gave me a lift.
→ - We have asked him a favour.
→ - She told me a lie.
→ - They have written her a postcard.
→ - Kerrie will make you a cup of tea.
→ - The waiter has not brought us the
coffee.
→ - They did not offer her a seat.
→
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Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.
- Sheila is drinking a cup of tea. -
- My father is washing the car. -
- Farmer Joe is milking the cows. -
- She is taking a picture of him. -
- I am writing a poem. -
- We are not playing football. -
- He is not wearing a tie. -
- Is she preparing the party? -
- Are they talking about the meeting? -
- Is she watering the flowers? -
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Rewrite the sentences in passive
voice.
- I can answer the question. -
- She would carry the box. -
- You should open the window. -
- We might play cards. -
- You ought to wash the car. -
- He must fill in the form. -
- They need not buy bread. -
- He could not read the sentence. -
- Will the teacher test our English? -
- Could Jenny lock the door? -
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Mixed Exercise on Passive Voice
Rewrite the sentences in passive
voice.
- John collects money. -
- Anna opened the window. -
- We have done our homework. -
- I will ask a question. -
- He can cut out the picture. -
- The sheep ate a lot. -
- We do not clean our rooms. -
- William will not repair the car. -
- Did Sue draw this circle? -
- Could you feed the dog? –
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Complete the sentences (Active or Passive Voice). You must either use
Simple Present or Simple Past.
- The Statue of Liberty (give) to the United States by France.
- It (be) a present on the 100th
anniversary of the United States.
- The Statue of Liberty (design) by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi.
- It (complete) in France in July 1884.
- In 350 pieces, the statue then (ship) to New York, where it (arrive) on 17 June 1885.
- The pieces (put) together and the opening
ceremony (take) place on 28 October 1886.
- The Statue of Liberty (be) 46 m high (93 m including the base).
- The statue (represent) the goddess of liberty.
- She (hold) a torch in her right hand and a
tablet in her left hand.
- On the tablet you (see / can) the date of the Declaration of
Independence (July 4, 1776).
- Every year, the Statue of Liberty (visit) by many people from all over the world.
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Hadrian's Wall
Fill the gaps
with the correct tenses (active or passive voice).
- In the year 122 AD, the Roman Emperor Hadrian (visit) his provinces in Britain.
- On his visit, the Roman soldiers (tell) him that Pictish tribes from Britain's north (attack) them.
- So Hadrian (give) the order to build a protective wall across one of the narrowest parts of the country.
- After 6 years of hard work, the Wall (finish) in 128.
- It (be) 117 kilometres long and about 4 metres high.
- The Wall (guard) by 15,000 Roman soldiers.
- Every 8 kilometres there (be) a large fort in which up to 1,000 soldiers (find) shelter.
- The soldiers (watch) over the frontier to the north and (check) the people who (want) to enter or leave Roman Britain.
- In order to pass through the Wall, people (must go) to one of the small forts that (serve) as gateways.
- Those forts (call) milecastles because the distance from one fort to another (be) one Roman mile (about 1,500 metres).
- Between the milecastles there (be) two turrets from which the soldiers (guard) the Wall.
- If the Wall (attack) by enemies, the soldiers at the turrets (run) to the nearest milecastle for help or (light) a fire that (can / see) by the soldiers in the milecastle.
- In 383 Hadrian's Wall (abandon) .
- Today Hadrian's Wall (be) the most popular tourist attraction in northern England.
- In 1987, it (become) a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
THE NEWS
THE PASSIVE VOICE IS GENERALLY USED TO TALK ABOUT THE
NEWS ON RADIO, TELEVISION AND IN THE NEWSPAPERS.
�
PUT THESE TEXTS INTO THE PASSIVE: Remember to use
capital letters at the beginning of each sentence, a�stop sign (.) at the end�and to use the correct apostrophe (')
sign".
Remember also that intransitive verbs (arrive, go...)
cannot be put into passive, so some verbs will remain active.
�
TEXT 1:
Some people saw a UFO in the sky above Madrid last
Tuesday.
They reported it to the police.
The army sent a helicopter to have a closer look. The UFO
shot the helicopter down and killed the pilot.
Some young people�have given photographs of the UFO to the police.
Experts are investigating them at the moment.
�
TEXT 2:
Somebody has stolen a lady's bag near a high-school
this afternoon.
The students saw the robber
and told the police.
They are looking for him now.
They will use the children`s
descriptions to catch the man as soon as possible.
TEXT 3:
Someone broke into a clothes shop last week.
The owner was locking up the shop when a robber with a
gun threatened her.
The robber told her to open
the door and give him all the money from the till.
Then the robber
tied the woman up.
The police hope they
will find him in a few days. Doctors are
treating the owner of the shop for shock at the local hospital.
TEXT 4:
Our school has organised a contest.
Any student can participate. You have to design an
environmental friendly object.
All the pupils will vote and they will choose
the best idea.
The participants can also include
pictures and drawings.
The school doesn't allow any adult to help the
students with the projects.
The school will give the winner a set of books about
nature.
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Text· My Hometown
Many years ago, I was born in
Seattle, Washington USA. Seattle is located in the Northwest corner of the USA.
Recently, Seattle has become the focus of much international attention. Many
films have been made there, probably the most famous of which is Sleepless
in Seattle starring Meg Ryan and Tom Hanks. Seattle is also known as the
birthplace of "Grunge" music; both Pearl Jam and Nirvana are from
Seattle. For older people like me, it should be noted that Jimmi Hendrix was
born in Seattle! NBA fans know Seattle for the "Seattle Supersonics",
a team that has played basketball in Seattle for more than 30 years.
Unfortunately, Seattle is also famous for its bad weather. I can remember weeks
and weeks of grey, wet weather when I was growing up.Seattle has also become one of the fastest-growing business areas in the United States. Two of the most important names in the booming business scene in Seattle are Microsoft and Boeing. Microsoft was founded and is owned by the world-famous Bill Gates (how much of his software is on your computer?). Boeing has always been essential to the economic situation in Seattle. It is located to the north of Seattle and famous jets such as the "Jumbo" have been manufactured there for more than 50 years!
Seattle is positioned between Puget Sound and the Cascade Mountains. The combination of its scenic location, thriving business conditions and exciting cultural scene makes Seattle one of America's most interesting cities.
A. Have students underline passive voice structures.
B. Students discuss what the differences are between the active and passive voice.
C. Class review of passive structure
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